Category Archives: Tropical

Tropical cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons, tropical weather

Emily Organizes; Gulf Threat Decreases

Tropical Storm Emily struggled through most of last night and today with disorganization, an aftereffect of its multivortex structure as an unnamed disturbance.  However, it has become better stacked today, with convection blowing up over its center.  It still has a long way to go, despite its more pleasing appearance in satellite photos.

Steering in the short term is straightforward.  Emily has been generally on the left side of the forecast track for most of the day, and it is now expected to make landfall in the Dominican Republic as a tropical storm.  Weaker systems generally weather the mountains better than stronger ones, provided that they do not linger in the area; therefore dissipation of the system seems comparatively unlikely.

 

Models conclude that trough will miss Emily

The models have largely converged on a scenario in which the trough that is to weaken the Bermuda High will be gone before it can force the full recurvature of Emily.  The ridge is expected to build back in, and the GFS shows the hurricane being trapped off the coast of Florida, unable to move ashore because of another ridge, stalling until a shortwave trough lifts it away.  The GFDL and HWRF models, which take their input from the GFS, both show a very close approach to the east coast of Florida, with the HWRF showing near-hurricane-force winds onshore.  The NOGAPS shows this same scenario without the stall.  In this scenario, a landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina occurs, followed by a pull up the Atlantic seaboard (offshore) and out to sea.

The Canadian model shows a very weak system, probably no more than a mild tropical storm, making landfall on the east coast of Florida and then being merged into the shortwave.  I should observe that the Canadian model now shows the first low strengthening to 988 mb at sea and reducing the Bermuda High to its winter stage (the Azores High), which does not seem remotely reasonable to me for an August system.  I am not putting a lot of faith in this aspect of the Canadian solution.

The European model also shows a “screwy” solution, amplifying the shortwave trough to 992 mb at sea, while completely dissipating Emily over Hispaniola.  Although unlikely in my opinion, dissipation of the tropical storm is certainly possible, as yesterday’s blog entry said, but I am having great difficulty believing that either of the baroclinic low pressure systems involved in this will reach 990 mb levels.  The first trough is currently located in New England producing a severe weather risk, and it is analyzed at 1002 mb.

Bottom line, I am giving a highly skeptical eye to anything that destroys the Bermuda High at the beginning of August and amplifies low pressure cores to winter levels, especially when they have not been doing this consistently.  Any land-free recurvature of Emily depends entirely on such “bombs,” and the approach to the East Coast will be so close that a weaker trough or shortwave will make all the difference in the world in what wind speeds are felt onshore and whether landfall occurs.

 

Gulf Coast threat decreases… for now

As should be apparent, the threat to the Gulf Coast states has decreased over the course of the day (with a caveat).  The current thinking is that the trough will lift Emily northward enough to miss an entrance into the Gulf of Mexico.  However, this could change if the storm stays south and west enough, or the trough is weaker than expected at sea.

Emily Is a Threat To the U.S.

After days of teasing weather watchers (and the National Hurricane Center), a tropical wave in the Atlantic has formed into Tropical Storm Emily.  The storm is rather disorganized and not at all “attractive” in the tropical cyclone sense, an artifact of its having had multiple competing vortices for several days that prevented its consolidation into a single system.

Because of its delay in getting organized, Emily is a threat to the United States.  I am going to blog regularly about this system as long as that remains the case.

 

What’s the synoptic setup?

Emily is going to move mostly west, slightly WNW, along the southern end of the Bermuda High.  Its strength will depend primarily on possible land interaction during this time.  The National Hurricane Center forecasts an impact on the island of Hispaniola, which would weaken the system.  How much remains to be seen; many a major hurricane has been reduced to a tropical storm by this island, but some systems that are much weaker have survived passage.  It is terribly difficult to forecast how much effect the mountains will have on any particular storm.  A lot depends on how well-organized the system is when it reaches the island (I do not mean its intensity; intensity and cyclonic organization are not the same thing), how long it stays there, and whether there are any additional destructive factors such as dry air intrusion and wind shear that are hitting the storm at the same time.  It is arguable that there’s not a lot of point in making a forecast for Emily after its interaction with Hispaniola at all, because what happens to it after that will be heavily influenced by its strength at that point.  I’ll discuss the various possibilities, however.

The high is going to be weakened on its left flank by a trough coming off the Atlantic coast in a couple of days.  This should pull the storm to the north.  How much depends on how weak Emily is and how strong the trough has managed to become.  The stronger Emily is, the more northward it is expected to move, all things being equal with respect to the trough.  I think that the trough will be the most important player here, though, and should be watched at least as closely as the tropical system.  It is very uncommon to have a strong trough coming off the East Coast at the beginning of August, and there has been a pattern this year of the GFS (the U.S.’s long-range weather forecast model) overdoing the strength of lows in the days before they arrive.  I am not inclined to buy into a strong trough unless I see it materialize, but it’s always best not to count anything out, either.

Emily is probably too far south and west to have a land-free recurvature (“fish storm”) path.  It’s not impossible, but it is unlikely.  It simply took too long to develop for that to be the most likely track.

 

What’s the model spread?

Models generally have clustered around the state of Florida as of Monday evening, with the NOGAPS (U.S. Navy model) farthest west and the GFDL farthest east.  The NOGAPS is showing an implied strike on the Florida panhandle (it has Emily stalling in the Gulf and not making final landfall within a 7-day period), and the GFDL shows a “fish storm” recurvature.  It is important to observe that this trend for the GFDL is relatively new; until the past 24 hours or so, that model was showing a strike on the East Coast of Florida and the HWRF model was showing a recurvature.  Now that has reversed itself.  In the meantime, the NOGAPS has been consistent in its Gulf track.  Consistency alone is not a reason to support a model’s output, but it is generally indicative of a model’s having a better grip on the environment than one that is prone to the “windshield wiper effect.”

 

Is the Gulf Coast at risk?

Short answer:  yes, but it’s not set in stone.  As of now, I still would say that the Florida peninsula is most likely to get hit, but the Gulf is a definite possibility, especially if Emily is weakened by interaction with land and/or the trough is weak.

Several forecasts indicate that the storm will remain weak for long enough to stay south and get into the Gulf of Mexico before making the recurvature.  This is not a fluke, or a one-off from some model; it has been a solution for the NOGAPS, Canadian, and UK several times over the past two days.  Furthermore, models such as the HWRF have been hinting at a Florida East Coast strike at a perpendicular angle, indicating a strengthening ridge that would force Emily westward again.  While these models do not go out far enough yet to indicate what would become of Emily after the Florida strike, entry into the Gulf (in a weakened state) is certainly possible in this scenario.

 

90L: Weak and Into the Gulf

The area of interest in the Atlantic, 90L, has become more likely to enter the Gulf of Mexico.  After a time yesterday when it was trying to spin up, the system has stayed weak and is now beginning to encounter land.  This land interaction will keep 90L weak as it passes through the Caribbean, making it even more likely to avoid the weakness in the Bermuda High that will be created by a trough.  90L currently has an area of moderate 700 mb to 850 mb vorticity associated with its convection.  This area of vorticity is what currently passes for a circulation.

It is important to note that, even though the current state of the system is less organized than yesterday and the National Hurricane Center has lowered its percentage of becoming a tropical cyclone in the next 48 hours (which I would completely agree with), 90L has gained additional model support for its long-term development prospects.  The cyclone-specific HWRF model was on board with 90L yesterday, taking it just south of Cuba and bringing it to 60 mph by the time it passes by.  Today the HWRF keeps the system even farther south, intensifies 90L to a Category 1 hurricane, and sends it into the Yucatan.  Additionally, the GFDL cyclone model, which was not doing anything at all with 90L yesterday, is today showing a Category 2 hurricane striking the Yucatan.  I think that is overdoing it, personally, but this system is showing indications of going into the Gulf of Mexico and intensifying then.

In recent hours, it has become possible that 90L is experiencing a center reformation.  The center has been located in the part of the system that is now south of Puerto Rico.  However, increased convection just south of Hispaniola (Fig. 1) is changing the polarity of the system, as is evident in upper-level divergence charts (Fig. 2).  This convection is likely associated with the mountains and therefore does not indicate improvement in the tropical structure of 90L.  However, if the center reforms to the northwest, this will throw a great deal of uncertainty into even the survival of 90L, as it will come much closer to the destructive mountains of Hispaniola and Cuba.  If the reformation does not occur, we are looking at a track like that of the GFDL and HWRF.  For my part, I am finding it hard to get on board with a center reformation over a more destructive environment that will make it hard for existing centers to stay together, let alone new ones to form, but time will tell.

One more important point to note for the GFDL model run is the strong ridge that would, in that scenario, serve to block 90L from moving north after it enters the Gulf.  The blocking ridge does not extend that far west in the HWRF run, making a Central Gulf landfall possible.

In summary:  90L is in a state of transition at present, and the outcome of a number of possibilities will determine its fate.  If the center reforms to the northwest, the GFDL and HWRF tracks should not be considered because they assume the present center.  The result of a reformation would be more land interaction, which means a weak system, delays in development, and the possibility of complete dissipation.  If the center does not reform, the GFDL and HWRF scenarios are in play, opening the doors for a significantly stronger system (and it should be noted that those models only go out to 126 hours, and have the system as an organized hurricane or near-hurricane in the middle of 90°F waters and low shear).  The ultimate landfalling location of 90L will then depend on the strength and extent of the ridge.


Figure 1: Rainbow-enhanced infrared image of 90L, Saturday evening.


Figure 2: Upper-level divergence over 90L.

A Tropical System For the Gulf To Watch

A tropical wave, designated 90L by the National Hurricane Center, is worthy of being watched by the Gulf Coast states. This system is arguably the first tropical system of real interest to the Gulf states in the U.S., as Tropical Storm Arlene was regarded as a Mexican storm (correctly so) almost from its inception, and Tropical Storms Bret and Cindy were never a threat to any land areas.  However, 90L is in a situation that will strongly favor its reaching the Gulf of Mexico, where conditions are favorable for development.

The system has been steadily increasing its convection over the course of the day, and with this increase has come an improvement in its cyclonic structure.  Cyclonic curvature is evident on satellite (Fig. 1), and upper-level divergence (Fig. 2) indicates good ventilation for the system.  Lower-level convergence (not shown) is not so impressive, indicating that the system needs to form a strong low-level circulation to be considered a tropical cyclone.  This is usually the last step that developing tropical cyclones take.

90L is in a simple steering regime, being located south of the Bermuda High.  In about 3 days, a trough associated with a cyclone is expected to be located off the East Coast of the U.S., eroding the high somewhat.  It was previously assumed that this temporary weakening of the ridge would result in 90L being drawn north for a recurvature.  However, recently, it has become likely that the trough will be weaker than previously believed.  90L is also expected to take longer to develop owing to shear and likely land interaction.  The net result will be a stronger ridge and a weaker tropical system, and the consensus is that 90L will be forced into the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 3).

90L will have to pass through an area of 20-knot wind shear (Fig. 3, Fig. 4), which is moderate, but will inhibit strengthening for as long as the system is located under that wind regime.  The GFS model does not indicate a sharp spike in wind shear over the course of 90L’s trek toward the Gulf of Mexico.

Unless the expected path drastically changes, 90L should enter the Gulf in about four or five days.  Models are unreliable for storms like this in the long range, and it should be noted that some of the models, like the GFS, are not particularly impressed with this system in the first place.  However, the cyclone-specific model HWRF does develop 90L into a 60 mph tropical storm, keeping it south of Cuba by the end of its run (126 hours out).  For my part, I am disinclined to accept a forecast of zero land interaction at this point.  However, the salient point is that any interaction with Cuba or Hispaniola will have a profoundly negative effect on 90L’s short-term intensity even if it becomes a tropical storm before reaching those areas, and avoiding those landmasses will result in a stronger cyclone that has not been delayed by a reorganization after being disrupted.

My gut forecast for a week or more out (in other words, break out the salt!) is that this system will become a tropical cyclone of moderate intensity (I’ll say Category 1, max, because of mild levels of shear in the Gulf even though the temperatures are well over 90 degrees in many areas) and that it will make landfall somewhere west of Pensacola.  I will have updates about this system if it continues to be a concern.


Figure 1: Shortwave infrared satellite of 90L, late Friday night


Figure 2: Upper-level divergence for 90L, late Friday night


Figure 3: Google Earth overlay of model tracks and shear for 90L, late Friday night


Figure 4: Wind shear tendency, late Friday night

Ringing In the 2011 Hurricane Season

I think it’s safe to say that I am joined by a substantial part of the Southeast and Midwest in bidding a very loud “GOOD RIDDANCE” to the 2011 spring severe weather season, even as a student meteorologist. This season took a toll on me in a way that I honestly did not expect. It is painful to watch such atmospheric carnage unfold when the career you have embarked upon, whether as a forecaster or a research scientist, is intended to minimize such tragedies. Even when it is fairly universally recognized that the disaster was not in any way the fault of meteorologists, that only leaves a sense of helplessness. So yes, I am quite ready to say “good riddance” to the tornadoes, at least in this particular corner of the world, for a few months. The Southeast, along with much of the rest of the East, is embroiled in a heat wave at the moment, a fairly sure sign that a summer pattern has taken hold. On that cue, enter hurricane season. Hurricanes were my first atmospheric “love” and even the season of 2005 did not change this for me. It is with a sense of excitement that I start opening up my tropical web browser bookmarks regularly again.

I don’t see a lot of point in making a specific numerical forecast for this year’s hurricane season. Suffice it to say that my best guesses that I formed in winter are unchanged, and that I expect an active season with a higher-than-average chance of American strikes, unlike last season. I am not expecting a transition to El Niño, which would tamp down activity in the Atlantic, but I am not entirely sold on the expectation that the ENSO state will remain neutral throughout the season.  I think there are close to even odds that it will begin to return to La Niña conditions again by autumn, albeit milder than those of last winter.  However, either pattern will promote tropical activity.

Did I mention checking tropics-related web bookmarks once more?  Well, it turns out that the Atlantic basin is following the “official” calendar right on schedule, so I have reason to look at the tropics regularly already.  There is a disturbance in the Caribbean Sea that is the first really interesting possibility for tropical development.

Here is an image of how this disturbance looked at 11:00 PM Thursday night:

For reference, here is a true visible satellite image of the same disturbance a few hours earlier, which shows the mid- to low-level circulation of this system better:

There are two “blobs” in the Caribbean, but the first image makes it clear that the one to watch is the one closer to Central America. That is the one that, according to loops of visible satellite images, has visible rotation occurring, and it is analyzed as a low pressure center in official maps:

The area of convection to its east is associated with a tropical wave that is expected to merge with the low, adding energy and moisture to the brew.

This system is interesting for so early in the season because it has some atmospheric variables in its favor despite the calendar. The low has been developing low-level convergence (winds drawing together) and upper-level divergence, both of which are conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, though these areas of convergence and divergence need to become better aligned with each other:

As the images indicate, the area of convergence is the chief culprit in the misalignment. The divergence is occurring above the area of convection, indicating that the low is developing a system for ventilating itself.

An analysis of vorticity shows that the system has positive vorticity at the 850 and 700 mb levels and that the two levels are basically aligned, which in a tropical cyclone (or proto-cyclone) is positive for development:


850 mb vorticity

700 mb vorticity

Shear is all right above the system but not especially favorable in the surrounding environment:

This is no surprise for this early in the season, but the National Hurricane Center expects the environment to become more favorable for this system in the next couple of days. An examination of the GFS model indicates that they are probably correct in this expectation; though shear is expected to be prohibitive of any tropical activity in the Gulf of Mexico, it is supposed to lighten up around the low pressure center.

Incidentally, the GFS doesn’t seem to do much with this cyclone other than letting it churn in place. Don’t expect a hurricane out of this! At best, I’d say it might rate a tropical depression. It is primarily an interesting feature to watch for so early in the season, a harmless storm that we tornado-weary weather folk can observe without anxiety. Tropical cyclogenesis is a fascinating, somewhat mysterious, and awe-inspiring phenomenon, and instances like this that are not the classic “Cape Verde wave in September starts to spin in the middle of the Atlantic” pattern are particularly interesting because the process of genesis for them is not cut-and-dry like the well-known central Atlantic tropical wave process is. This system may very well be a harbinger, but that remains to be seen. For now, it’s a neat feature to watch.

Well, This Is Certainly Interesting

Since I posted last night, the range of possibilities for our coming weather in the Deep South has expanded quite a bit, and the “interesting” scenario that I hinted at towards the end is suddenly looking a lot more likely to actually unfold. I am talking about the possibility that Tropical Depression 19, now upgraded to Richard, gets into the central/east Gulf of Mexico and interacts with one of the coming troughs rather than dissipating in Mexico or extreme south Texas.

The HWRF model, which was alone last night among the well-known models in showing Richard going to the northeast, has been joined now by the GFDL, ECMWF, and the majority of other models, as this Google Earth screencap shows.

The National Hurricane Center has made note of this trend as well and is expecting to move its forecast path to the east if the trends hold up. They tend to err on the side of consistency, avoiding what has been dubbed “the windshield wiper effect” when models make dramatic shifts in their forecasts. But it seems likely right now that they are already leaning in favor of an eastern track for this tropical system. The two storm-centric models, the HWRF and GFDL, turn Richard into a major hurricane and slam it into Florida, but the Google graphic indicates that there is actually quite a wide range of possible landfall locations. If the shear in the Gulf of Mexico drops off as forecast, there is really no reason why a major storm couldn’t happen (though I think there are some limits on just what is possible). Ida last year almost became a major in the Gulf in November during an El Nino autumn, after all.


(No, I do not believe Richard will actually approach Category 5.)

What about our cold-core cyclones, then? And that possible early freeze?

The GFS has (and this should surprise exactly no one) backed off its screwball idea of winter precipitation for Mississippi in the first week of November. As of 06Z’s run, it was not on board with the eastern path for Richard, which throws a major wrench into matters, but let’s look at the evolution of the trough before Richard might enter the picture. If he does get into the east-central Gulf, it’s going to be about a week from now before we can consider a landfall.

The first trough, the one expected to bring rain and thunderstorms to Mississippi on Sunday and Monday, is still on schedule. This model has increased the amount of rainfall that we are apparently going to get out of this, showing up to 2 inches in a small area and widespread totals over 1 inch. This is the trough that would pull Richard up, up, and away, sending it somewhere into the Gulf Coast and adding even more rain. (Remember, the GFS rainfall totals as of this run assume that Richard does not get into this part of the Gulf and is not picked up by this trough.) I’m having a hard time accepting a hurricane of major-plus intensity (let’s say Category 4) in the Gulf in a strong trough situation in late October, though stranger things have happened. It seems likely to me that if this trough gets it, Richard will begin to transition into post-tropical and lose some of its intensity. Cold-core cyclones do not get as strong as tropical cyclones, either in minimum pressure or in wind speeds. (There have been some non-tropical lows that went down to the 920 mb range, but these were at extremely northern latitudes. It’s much less unusual to see sub-980 mb cold lows close to the poles.)

When the energy of a tropical cyclone is entrained into a trough, the trough benefits from it. These types of systems have spawned infamous nor’easters, such as the storm created by the transitioning Hurricane Noel in 2007. The GFS already turns the trough into a 990 mb low and possible nor’easter, and as I said, that run doesn’t even take into account the possibility of tropical-origin vorticity being advected into the dominant low. The South could very easily be in for a major flooding rain event (it is unbelievable that I could realistically use the word “flood” when we are technically in a drought), but if we have the situation of a former major hurricane being pulled into a strong autumn trough, the Northeast could get a monster storm. AccuWeather.com is well-known for hyping weather events, but I think they may be onto something with their current news story about this possible storm. Let’s just say that, while nothing is definite, the potential definitely exists.

The GFS still predicts the first freeze to occur just before Halloween. This freeze would follow the second trough, which would dump even more rain on us. The freeze would be a dry freeze (in other words, a believable one) and the day following it, Halloween, would possibly not lift out of the 50s for highs. This has happened before; I distinctly recall a Halloween in the mid-90s (I am thinking 1993 or 1994) in which it did freeze overnight. After that, the cold air lifts out. As I said before, this model run has dropped the “early November Southern winter storm” foolishness of the third trough it shows.

I am going to be very mindful of the evolution of Richard and the strength of the trough that the NHC and models are increasingly convinced will get it. Things are getting interesting here, folks.

Is a Major Pattern Change On the Way?

After weeks upon weeks of dry weather, we have had two rain events in the past couple of weeks as fronts moved through. The rain has not made a noticeable difference in the drought situation, though it should be noted that we are not under fire weather watches every day anymore.

However, the models are starting to suggest a major pattern shift in the long range. It’s important not to focus on specific details this far out, because quite frankly, some of the details are almost certainly utter rubbish. The idea is that we are shifting into a precipitation-bearing trough pattern at last. The GFS 4-5 days out is showing a fairly robust system of about 1000 mb that is expected to bring rain. Jackson’s NWS office is already talking about this system and has given it a 40% chance of producing thunderstorms on Monday. This is potentially an interesting situation as far as severe weather is concerned, and it seems pretty likely that this particular rain event will play out in some form over the Deep South.

In runs from the past several weeks, the GFS has been indicating, for the most part, a return to dry conditions for as far as the model shows. More recently, it’s stopped doing this. After the Monday event, the GFS shows a potentially more extreme event developing over the 28th—and a freeze.


This image shows the storm event. The freeze would follow.

This is where you start to raise an eyebrow at the output and take it with a grain of salt. This would be early in the year for a first frost, but it has happened before. We’ll need to keep an eye on this and see if it stays in the runs and if other models start to pick up on it.

After the proto-event #2, the GFS then kind of goes off, showing a winter storm situation unfolding. It’s exactly what I mean when I say that the details are not what counts here, but the suggestions of cooler air and more precipitation. This is at the end of the run, which is notoriously poor in accuracy. The blue “0” line represents the freezing point.

As I said, the freeze aspect of this is almost certainly complete foolishness. A third rain event, however, is not out of the question at some point in the two-week range, and such a cyclone could easily pose a winter storm problem for areas along the East Coast, as a nor’easter has already done this year.

We are reaching a time of year when the gates start to close for tropical activity. In part, this is because the jet stream is reforming at a more southerly location. The high wind shear generated by the jet stream is a death knell for tropical activity, but it is encouraging of frontal and cold-core cyclonic development.

Tropical Depression 19
However, tropical storms will continue to form as long as they have the necessary conditions, and as I type this, I see that a new depression has been classified. TD 19 is located in the Caribbean and is forecast to intensify a bit and move over the Yucatan Peninsula. The circulation center of this depression is sheared and somewhat displaced from the main convection, but it seems that the convection and low-level center are moving closer together as the source of the shear moves out. The system is expected to get into the western Gulf. It probably won’t affect the central Gulf states, but it should be noted that the HWRF model explodes this into a major hurricane and sends it into the west coast of Florida. This is currently an outlier, but that is a good model, so it should be watched closely. The Gulf is cooling, but there is definitely enough heat in it to sustain a serious storm. Because of high shear, the Gulf currently cannot host a tropical storm, but the shear is supposed to largely disappear by the time TD 19 emerges from the Yucatan.

It will be interesting to see what type of weather system we get if TD 19 does move farther east and north than expected and the Gulf states get significantly cooler weather. The output of the GFS that shows those rain events does not take into account the possibility of tropical energy entrainment, because it favors a southern path for the tropical depression.

Keep an eye out; things could get interesting.

Return of the Heat, Paula, and a Decent Chance for Rain

The blog has been inactive recently because the weather in the Deep South has been profoundly, well, boring. After a brief cool spell brought on by a pair of cold fronts, we saw a return to the high 80s and further intensification of the drought. For Jackson, it was in fact the driest September on record and the maximum temperatures were among the highest (though the cool overnight lows resulted in a moderation of the overall daily averages). Incidentally, with the warmup came an increase in the number of red paper wasps that—apparently re-energized by the heat—wanted to use my house to overwinter, and one of them decided to light on an antique doorknob of virtually the same color as itself. If you have never been stung by this type of wasp before, believe me, you do not want to be.

Rain/Thunderstorm Event
However, at last there is a respectable possibility for some rain, and better yet, it is coupled with another cool-off. A low is moving in that is expected to bring rain on Tuesday. Jackson is even concerned about the threat of severe weather, and the SPC has put us under a Slight risk for Tuesday:

If cumulonimbi materialize, unplug your computers, modems, and printers. Trust me on this one.

Jackson’s forecast discussion speaks of air mass modification by the low pressure system. This is exactly what it sounds like; an air mass with very different characteristics moves in and alters the presiding air mass. A look at the water vapor map makes it very clear what is going on with this:

The curved form over Kansas is the upper level low. The leading edge of it is already approaching the area, and you can tell the difference between even the current humidity of the air and what is coming our way. Drier air has already been pushed out, as you may have noticed from the widespread cumulus cloud formation today.

Here is what Jackson has to say about the incoming system and the potential for severe weather:

THE AIR MASS WILL DESTABILIZE QUICKLY IN THE PATH OF THE DEEP UPPER
LOW AND MOISTURE WILL CONTINUE TO INCREASE AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM.
PRECIPITABLE WATER VALUES AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM ARE EXPECTED TO BE
AROUND 1.5 INCHES AND VERTICAL TOTALS ARE FORECAST IN THE UPPER 20S
FROM NE LA INTO WCNTRL AND NE MS BY 11/00Z. RADAR TRENDS ARE THAT
CONVECTION ASSOCIATED WITH THE OUTFLOW MOVING INTO EXTREME WRN ZONES
IS WEAKENING BUT FORCING REMAINS BETTER FARTHER UPSTREAM CLOSER TO
THE FRONT AND UPPER LOW. CONSIDERING THE EXTREME AIR MASS
MODIFICATION THAT OCCURRED JUST UPSTREAM EARLIER TODAY AND THE FACT
THAT IT WONT TAKE MUCH FOR STRONG CONVECTION TO DEVELOP IN AN AIR
MASS WITH THESE LAPSE RATES…WILL MAINTAIN MENTION OF STRONG
POSSIBLY SEVERE STORMS PER PREVIOUS FORECAST. LOW LEVEL MOISTURE
RETURN WILL BE HIGHEST OVER SWRN AREAS THIS EVENING AND…ALTHOUGH
LAPSE RATES WILL BE HIGHER OVER AREAS TO THEIR NORTH…SWRN ZONES
WILL SEE SUFFICIENTLY UNSTABLE CONDITIONS TO SUPPORT THE POTENTIAL
FOR STRONG…POSSIBLY SEVERE…CONVECTION ALSO. THE UPPER JET
REMAINS PARKED OVER CENTRAL/SRN ZONES THROUGH TUESDAY AND PERIODS OF
HEALTHY DIVERGENCE ALOFT WILL HELP SUPPORT CONVECTION THROUGH
TOMORROW.

VERTICAL TOTALS/LAPSE RATES WILL REMAIN HIGH THROUGH TUESDAY WHEN
THE UPPER LOW PIVOTS INTO THE AREA…AS WILL SYNOPTIC LIFT ACROSS
MUCH OF THE FORECAST AREA. ALTHOUGH LAPSE RATES WILL REMAIN HIGH IN
RESPONSE TO THE COOL UPPER LOW…AVAILABLE MOISTURE WILL BEGIN TO
DIMINISH FROM THE WEST EARLY TUESDAY. MODEL SOLUTIONS DISAGREE ON
THE EVOLUTION OF THE LOW LEVEL MOISTURE FIELD TOMORROW. THEY AGREE
THAT THE SURFACE BOUNDARY WILL BECOME MORE DIFFUSE AS IT MOVES
ACROSS THE FORECAST AREA BUT THE GFS REDUCES SURFACE DEWPOINTS
INTO THE MID 50S BY 13/00Z WHILE THE NAM/EURO MAINTAIN DEWPOINTS IN
THE LOW TO MID 60S. THE SREF LOWERS DEWPOINTS RELATIVELY QUICKLY BUT
HANGS ONTO PRECIP WELL INTO THE AFTERNOON IN THE WEST. FOLLOWED THE
HIGHER POPS FROM THE PREVIOUS FORECAST FOR TOMORROW OVER THE LATEST
MAV MOS IN CONSIDERATION OF THE SLOWER DRYING INDICATED BY SEVERAL
OF THE MODEL SOLUTIONS.

What all this means is that we have an interesting setup for mid-October unfolding and that if all the parameters come together, we could see some severe weather along with our rain. Probably not tornadic activity, but some significant thunderstorms could develop.

Tropical Storm Paula
Meanwhile, in the tropics, we’ve already seen Hurricane Otto come and go and are now on to Tropical Storm Paula. Otto was never a threat to anyone, but it was interesting to observe a classic subtropical-to-tropical transition take place. It also became a hurricane, which is uncommon with systems that begin as subtropical cyclones.

Paula has been a persistent disturbance for quite some time before finally getting its name (later than it should have, in my opinion) as a 60 mph system. It is not moving fast and is not expected to pick up much speed, but it will be moving over some warm water and should intensify into the season’s ninth hurricane. It is probably not going to be a problem for the central Gulf Coast, and is more likely to be yet another Florida event, but right now its forecast is uncertain because steering mechanisms are expected to essentially disappear in 3 days, leaving it drifting around in the Yucatan Channel as (probably) a hurricane. Most of the guidance then has it picked up and hauled northeast, and that is indeed the most climatologically likely track for systems of this kind at this time of year. However, storms in this general area in October are infamously hard to forecast; a particularly unfortunate example was Hurricane Mitch. Paula is likely to be an interesting system to watch and a troublesome one to forecast, and in that respect it is actually a welcome change of pace. Heretofore my synopsis of the 2010 hurricane season would be “a whole lot of normal.” Not normal numbers, of course; the season has obviously been above average in activity, but none of the systems except Hurricane Alex were particularly difficult to forecast or did anything unexpected. I like late season storms because they require a bit more of the human factor in forecasting.

Drought Conditions Develop

There isn’t much to say about the weather in the Deep South, unfortunately. A cold front is set to move through the region this weekend, dropping temperatures down about 10 degrees again and making the air outside seem truly fall-like. However, it is going to be a dry cold front. Nothing has changed as far as rain is concerned; there is none predicted as far as the forecasts are made. The Weather Service in Jackson has begun issuing fire weather products for the state, and the office out of Birmingham has issued red flag warnings. Burn bans are also in effect for large areas, though it’s highly inadvisable to burn even if you aren’t officially under a ban. It’s hard to believe that within a half a day’s drive, the Carolinas are getting drenched with the rainfall of a trough and the remains of Tropical Storm Nicole entrained into the cyclone, while we in the Deep South are now officially under drought conditions.

With the state as parched as this, it’s reaching a point where we will look anywhere for something that might send us some moisture—or at least, that has not yet been eliminated as a contender for doing that. Out in the tropics, there is a new system in the Central Atlantic, 97L, probably one of the last to develop in places like that this year. However, while the track and development of this system are still very much up in the air, the 12Z GFS doesn’t seem particularly interested in the disturbance. It does, in the two-week range, show a big, wet cold-core cyclone coming through the Southeast and finally ending the drought. I am going to keep an eye on this model and see if it retains this feature; the models are beginning to show some skill in long-range forecasts. And besides, hope springs eternal.

Tropical Depression 16 Headed to FL

As expected, the disturbance formerly known as 96L was classified today as Tropical Depression 16. The depression will probably strengthen to Tropical Storm Nicole. The models are forecasting the depression to get picked up by a trough and carried away as it becomes extratropical, with the GFS from 12Z indicating a rainmaker for most of the East Coast. (Lucky punks.)


This is impressive model agreement and indicates that they have a good handle on the strength of this trough.

Despite extremely warm water in its path, there probably isn’t enough time for it to strengthen into a hurricane, and shear associated with the trough is expected to increase before it makes its landfalls in Cuba and Florida. The SHIPS model shows a modest increase of 28 knots in the storm’s intensity before it weakens again.

In the longer term, this system—along with its predecessor, Matthew—probably heralds a shift in the type of tropical cyclone that will be forming in the remainder of the season, as well as the likely players that will be influencing the path of whatever does form. With the demise of the persistent ridge that brought the Southeast such oppressive heat for weeks upon weeks, and the establishment of a fall-like troughing pattern, we should see a greater threat to the Gulf Coast from anything that brews up—and, statistically, it is approaching the time of year when the Cape Verde conveyor belt shuts down and the tropical threat from “home-grown” systems increases. Additionally, this is a La Nina hurricane season; those have a tendency to start late and finish late, and by no means should the Gulf Coast consider itself safe from threats, including significant systems. In 1999, also a La Nina year, Hurricane Lenny almost reached Category 5 status in November. Even last year, during an El Nino, Hurricane Ida entered the Gulf in November and reached Category 2 status. We’re still in this.